Which of the following is a nondirectional hypothesis for the research question, Are there differences in end of course biology test grades between those who use simulated labs and those who use traditional labs?
◦ There are no differences in end of course biology test grades between those taught through the use of simulated versus traditional labs.
◦ There are differences in end of course biology test grades between those taught through the use of simulated versus traditional labs.
◦ Those taught in simulated labs perform better on end of course biology tests than those taught in traditional labs.
◦ Those taught in traditional labs perform better on end of course biology tests than those in simulated labs.
The trophic cascade hypothesis.
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