After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
The corporation Bayer produces an herbicide called Liberty
® and the LibertyLink
® soybean, a genetically modified soybean that is resistant to this herbicide. The genetic modification allows soybeans to produce a protein that is able to destroy the Liberty
® herbicide. Thus, when a farmer sprays the Liberty
® herbicide on a weed-infested field of LibertyLink
® soybeans, only susceptible weeds, and not the farmer's soybean crop, die. One weed that farmers would like to get rid of is dodder (
Cuscuta pentagona) a plant that uses chemical cues to find other plants such as soybeans. When a soybean plant is found, dodder wraps its leafless stems around the soybean and uses modified roots to tap into the soybean's vascular system. Because of the physical connection between a soybean plant and dodder, scientists hypothesized that dodder could obtain substances from the soybean plant other than nutrients, sugar, and water. They predicted that dodder would be able to gain the protein that destroys the Liberty
® herbicide. They tested this hypothesis by growing dodder on LibertyLink
® soybeans and then applying the Liberty
® herbicide to see if the dodder would die. Their results are displayed in the table.
| | Concentration of Herbicide (g/L) |
| Treatment | 0 | 0.36 | 0.72 | 3.6 |
| Dodder on LibertyLink® soybean | Survived | Survived | Survived | Died |
| Dodder on normal soybean | Survived | Died | Died | Died |
Source: Adapted from Jiang, L., Qu, F., Li, Z., & Doohan, D. (2013). Inter‐species protein trafficking endows dodder (Cuscuta pentagona) with a host‐specific herbicide‐tolerant trait.
New Phytologist, 198(4), 1017-1022.
The modified roots of dodder grow into the stem of the host plant and into the host's xylem and phloem. Considering that water transport works the same in dodder as it does in other plants, trace the path of a single water molecule. Which list correctly orders the water molecule's path?
◦ water molecule is pulled out of the modified root and into dodder xylem, water molecule evaporates and diffuses out of dodder stomata, water molecule is pulled out of the soybean plant, water molecule is pulled out of the dodder xylem
◦ water molecule evaporates and diffuses out of dodder stomata, water molecule is pulled out of the xylem, water molecule is pulled out of the modified root and into xylem, water molecule is pulled out of the soybean plant
◦ water molecule is pulled out of the soybean plant, water molecule is pulled out of the modified root and into dodder xylem, water molecule is pulled out of the dodder xylem, water molecule evaporates and diffuses out of dodder stomata
◦ water molecule is pulled out of the dodder xylem, water molecule is pulled out of the modified root and into dodder xylem, water molecule evaporates and diffuses out of dodder stomata, water molecule is pulled out of the soybean plant
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(a) Chromosome painting with five different-colored markers in a normal cell. (b) Painting produces