Answer 1
Answer: Articles of Confederation
Answer 2
Answer: In addition to many blacks and Native Americans, other groups with a special incentive for Loyalism included ethnic minorities, royal appointees, Anglican clergymen, and many members of the upper classes who benefited from the status quo. Loyalists were ostracized, had their property confiscated, and lost political rights and protection. Students should address the question of governmental balance between individual liberty and public security in discussion of the treatment of Loyalists.
Answer 3
Answer: At the war's beginning, men of all ranks enlisted in their state militias and the continental army. Throughout the war, both the states and Congress failed to provide sufficient food, clothing, and supplies. Recruitment became more difficult as the war progressed.
Answer 4
Answer: Alliance with the British and fighting against the Americans by many Native Americans hastened rather than prevented loss of their lands. Many black slaves also took advantage of the Revolution to fight with the British or to escape from their masters. Northern states began the abolition of slavery but did not, for the most part, accord free blacks equal rights. Americans also excluded women from the formal right of republican citizenship, although women began to assume more public roles.
Answer 5
Answer: American advantages included Washington's leadership, foreign aid, defensive position, the rural nature of the land, guerrilla tactics, and particularly, commitment to a cause. The British, in spite of vast economic and military resources, remained overconfident and failed to capitalize on their strengths. As the war dragged on and costs escalated, Britain's will wavered and political support eroded. The United States might have later considered that a guerrilla force can win if it does not lose; a regular army loses if it does not consistently win.