The studies of egocentrism and visual perspective taking by Flavell and by Moll and colleagues revealed that contrary to Piaget's data from the three-mountain problem, children __________.
◦ as young as 3 understand perspective confronting-how an object looks to another person when the child is presented a conflicting view of the object (e.g., an object that looks green to the child and blue to another person)
◦ as young as 3 develop level 2 perspective taking, which means they understand that two people may see the same things differently (e.g., a picture sitting on the table between the child and another person might look upside down to the other person)
◦ do not develop level 1 perspective taking until age 4, which means they understand that other people may not see the same things they see (e.g., an object the child can see might be blocked or obscured for a viewer at another angle)
◦ understand level 1 and level 2 perspective taking as well as a third skill, perspective confronting, by about age 4½
Long-term studies of the Glanville fritillary butterfly, Melitaea cinxia, have provided exceptional
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