Answer to Question 1
a. twenty-two chromosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes.
Answer to Question 2
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) was described in the 1950s by Hans Seyle and is related to the fight-or-flight response. The three stages of the GAS are 1. alarm, when the body mobilizes to meet a threat (which increases activity within the sympathetic nervous system); 2. resistance, when the individual attempts to cope with or resist the threat; and 3 . exhaustion, when continued efforts to overcome the threat deplete physical resources. In this third stage, a person becomes increasingly vulnerable to illness.