Adoption studies provide a rich setting for discriminating between the contributions of genetics and environment on behavior. In such a study, which of the following would indicate an environmental influence on behavior?
A) An adoptive parent selects a child to adopt who is similar in temperament.
B) An adopted child is more similar in behavior to a biological parent than to an adoptive parent.
C) The adopted child and the adoptive parent are similar in a behavioral trait.
D) An adoptee in a selective placement is similar in behavior to the adoptive parent.
Question 2
Roshanda is a good-natured four-year-old who typically enjoys her 7:30 PM bedtime ritual. After the first day of preschool, Roshanda cries and refuses to stay in bed following her mother's goodnight kiss and demands to sleep in her parents' bed.
After three unsuccessful attempts to entice Roshanda to sleep in her own bed, her mother gives in. This pattern is repeated every night. Which statement most appropriately applies to this scenario?
A) Roshanda's avoidance of bedtime is maintained through negative reinforcement.
B) Roshanda's behavior is resistant to extinction.
C) The mother could overcome Roshanda's resistance to obedience through vicarious conditioning.
D) The pattern of behavior is not indicative of a typical fear response for a child.
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