Question 1
Contemporary social-learning and cognitive theories differ from the early learning theory approaches in that they
◦ hold that environmental contingencies are not important.
◦ suggest that organisms react passively to their environments.
◦ emphasize cognitive processes as well as behavioral ones.
◦ minimize the importance of mental processes.
Question 2
Cross-cultural research on the self has sometimes used a measurement device called the
Twenty Statements Test, in which participants are asked to give 20 different answers to the question "Who am I?" When comparing the responses of students from various countries, one group of researchers found that
◦ in keeping with their interdependent sense of self, American students were least likely to give self-evaluations.
◦ the differences in the responses of men and women were typically very large.
◦ cultural differences mattered more than gender differences.
◦ most of the students defined themselves in terms of their ideological beliefs.
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