Answer to Question 1
Beck identifies a number of thinking errors including (1) arbitrary inference (drawing conclusions without supportive evidence), (2) selective abstraction (focusing on a detail that ignores the more important big picture), (3) overgeneralization (drawing sweeping conclusions based on limited information), (4) dichotomous thinking (thinking in black or white terms rather than shades of gray), (5) magnification and minimization (exaggerating small events or trivializing big events), and (6) personalization (taking responsibility for events that are not under one's control).
Answer to Question 2
Errors of thinking refer to cognitive processing styles that are distorted, biased, or illogical.
(a) Masai from East Africa have body types adapted to warm climates.
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Maternal age is the major risk factor for autosomal trisomies of all types. By age 42, about one in