Answer to Question 1
Although testicular cancer has no obvious symptoms, when detected early, it is treatable. The only early detection system for testicular cancer is testicular self-examination. Just like breast self-examinations in women, men should examine their testicles at least monthly. This will enable them to have an understanding of what things feel like under normal conditions, which will help them find any lumps or abnormal growths, should they appear.
Answer to Question 2
In 1986, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test that measures levels of molecules that are overproduced by prostate cancer cells. This enables physicians to identify prostate cancer and is recommended yearly for men older than 50, although Black men and those with a first-degree relative with prostate cancer are often advised to begin screening at 45 years old (American Cancer Society, 2011). The PSA test has been one of the most important advances in the area of prostate cancer (Madan & Gulley, 2010). Although not all tumors will show up on a PSA test, a high reading does indicate that something (such as a tumor) is releasing prostatic material into the blood, and a biopsy or further examination is warranted.
Hand sensory during examination
Historian James Merrell notes several errors in Benjamin West’s famous 1771 painting, William Penn’s
Proctoscopic examination table.
Polymorphisms of Importance to Pharmacotherapy
The client is positioned for the examination