In one well-known study on empathy, participants were required to watch a confederate (Elaine) receive electric shocks. They were told either that they had to watch her receive 10 full trials of shocks, or that they could leave after watching the first two trials only. They were also told that their values and interests were similar to Elaine's (similarity group), or that their values and interests were different from Elaine's (non-similarity group). After the first two trials were completed, participants were told that Elaine was unusually upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience related to electricity. Participants were asked whether they would be willing to switch places with Elaine. In this study, the 10-trial versus two-trial instruction was designed as a manipulation of ____, and the similar versus dissimilar information was designed to be a manipulation of ____.
a. shared experience; empathy
b. shared experience; identification
c. the ease of escaping the situation; empathy
d. the ease of escaping the situation; identification
Question 2
Muzafer Sherif's Robber's Cave study, in which groups of 11-year-old boys at a summer camp were first pitted against one another and then asked to work cooperatively, is often cited as evidence for ________________ theory.
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
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