According to cognitive dissonance theory, we come to love the things we suffer for. For example, we tend to be especially loyal to groups that require severe or painful initiations. Why does this happen?
a. This happens because the goals themselves (the things that we suffer for) are actually always very valuable; otherwise, we wouldn't have suffered for them in the first place.
b. This happens because, deep down, people really like to suffer.
c. This happens because we are motivated to justify the time and effort we've spent on our choices.
d. This happens because classical conditioning is at play: when we finally reach our goals, our suffering ends. We therefore associate our goals with end of suffering and come to love them.
Question 2
Which scenario illustrates the bad apple effect?
a. Denny has always been a bit deviant. Since he has been deviant at many times and in many situations, he is likely to be deviant many more times and in many more situations in the future as well.
b. Tanya experiences social rejection by her peers. As a result, she begins to shoplift and vandalize buildings.
c. Fifth-grader Ursula began playing pranks on her teacher about a month agothrowing things at him when his back was turned and making derogatory jokes at his expense. Now, the class is in mayhem because gradually, everyone else in the class began copying her.
d. Edwin is eight, and he experiences social rejection by his peers. As a result, he learns to socially reject other children as soon as he meets them.
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Bandura's social-cognitive model of human behaviour
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The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
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