Answer to Question 1
Answer: Beginning at 8 to 10 months, infants engage in social referencingactively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation. Many studies show that the caregivers emotional expression (happy, angry, or fearful) influences whether a 1-year-old will be wary of strangers, play with an unfamiliar toy, or cross the deep side of the visual cliff. The adults voiceeither alone or combined with a facial expressionis more effective than a facial expression alone. The voice conveys both emotional and verbal information, and the baby need not turn toward the adult but, instead, can focus on evaluating the novel event. As toddlers start to appreciate that others emotional reactions may differ from their own, social referencing allows them to compare their own and others assessments of events. In sum, in social referencing, toddlers use others emotional messages to evaluate the safety and security of their surroundings, to guide their own actions, and to gather information about others intentions and preferences. These experiences, along with cognitive and language development, probably help toddlers refine the meanings of emotionsfor example, happiness versus surprise, anger versus fearduring the second year.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: C
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