Answer to Question 1
Some research has shown that teachers who expect children to do well in school tend to have students who perform well compared to those whose teachers expect little of them. Teachers can also do the following to help their students do well: Provide a classroom with lessons that are interesting and inviting. Provide opportunities to students to profit from social interaction, both with teachers who will be role models as well as with peers. Provide a safe and pleasant classroom. Understand the unique backgrounds of students and that the students may have unique needs. Help students take appropriate responsibility for their successes and failures, linking their efforts with their achievements. Help students set attainable short-term goals and also understand they can affect how they reach these goals.
Answer to Question 2
Cephalocaudal development essentially means from head to tail. In other words, human beings tend to develop from the top down. For example, the most highly developed part of the body at birth is the head and brain. This is important because the brain is involved in all aspects of development that occur after birth, and as such, it needs to be the most highly developed. As the infant gains strength, this pattern continues. She can lift her head and torso off the ground, for example, before she can exert much control over her arms and legs. Proximodistal development is a pattern that means from the center out. Infants can control their trunks or torsos before they can control their fingers and toes.
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