Answer to Question 1
In the concrete operational stage, children show the beginnings of adult logic but focus on tangible objects rather than abstract ideals. Concrete-operational thought is reversible and flexible. Concrete-operational children are less egocentric than preoperational children. They recognize that people see things in different ways. Concrete-operational children also engage in decentration and can focus on multiple parts of a problem or situation. Concrete-operational children show understanding of the laws of conservation. Concrete-operational children can understand the concept of transitivity and can engage in seriation. They can also put things into classes and realize that objects can be in subclasses, too. For example, they can understand that a dog is also an animal.
Answer to Question 2
In a training situation, infants have been trained to respond to the sound of a tone by blinking. First, an unconditioned stimulus, a puff of air, is paired with the sound of a tone, a conditioned stimulus. After enough pairings of the two stimuli, the puff of air is removed, but the infants still respond to the tone by blinking their eyes (conditioned response).
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