To avoid inducing a learned-helplessness orientation, and to ...

[EAugust]

To avoid inducing a learned-helplessness orientation, and to promote mastery, parents must tell the child that
 
  a. failures are due to bad luck.
  b. successes are due to good luck.
  c. failures result from not trying hard enough.
  d. successes result from the task being too easy.

Question 2

Harriet and Al decided to have children soon after they were married. But, as it happened, it was nearly four years later that Harriet missed a menstrual period and thus allowed her hopes to rise. When she went to her obstetrician a couple of weeks later, tests confirmed that she was pregnant. But not long after that, Harriet's baby spontaneously aborted. (a) Discuss possible natural causes for the spontaneous abortion. (b) List possible teratogenic causes. (c) By analogy to postpartum depression, what emotional effects would you expect Harriet to experience?
 
  What will be an ideal response?

[chevyboi1976]

Answer to Question 1

C

Answer to Question 2

(a) Natural causes include abnormal implantation of the embryo, burrowing of the embryo into a site incapable of sustaining it, malformation or immature development of the embryo, and genetic abnormality of the embryo. (b) Many teratogens have the potential to cause damage that trigger spontaneous abortion. The more likely ones are chicken pox, cytomegalovirus, hypertension, influenza, mumps, smallpox, hallucinogens, tobacco, and radiation. (c) Given the degree of enthusiasm over the pregnancy, Harriet might well mirror the effects of postpartum depression, especially if she comes to believe that she somehow caused the abortion. Her symptoms could include depression, irritability, and generalized hopelessness and despair.

[EAugust]

Gracias!

[Joy Chen]

Excellent