Answer to Question 1
Improving outcomes:
When the parental relationship was high in conflict and conflict is reduced by the divorce.
When parents are able to quickly restore authoritative parenting.
Resulting in negative outcomes:
When the parents engage in a lot of conflict both before, during, and after the divorce.
When a parental relationship was low in conflict and conflict is increased during or after the divorce.
When parents become less consistent in discipline, or adopt more authoritarian or more permissive discipline systems.
Where there is a big drop in family income, possibly combined with a change in neighborhood.
Answer to Question 2
Positive influence
Older siblings can create a zone of proximal development.
Older siblings can influence parents relationships to the younger child.
Sibling conflict, positively resolved, seems to be a positive influence.
Siblings differing in gender exert some gender socialization effects on each other.
Negative influence
Older siblings with problems with aggression or drug use can cause behavioral and emotional problems in younger siblings.
One of the reasons I went to Cambodia was to interview a feral child—the boy shown here—who ...
Interventions for Selected Co-Occurring Conditions
Social Conditions and Gender
A child may have varying degrees of scoliosis
An overweight child not only has different kinds of encounters with his peers
Excessive video gaming decrease social and physical development in a child