Giselle is three weeks old and during a diaper change she looks up at her mother and smiles. Her mother gets very excited and immediately tells her husband, Chin, what happened. Since Chin has read your textbook, he thinks to himself:
a. Giselle is smiling as a result of operant conditioning, not as a result of an emotional state.
b. This was a paradoxical smile, as children at this age will frequently demonstrate the wrong facial expressions based on the emotion they are currently experiencing.
c. Giselle already recognizes her mother and feels joy when she is nearby.
d. It is way too early for Giselle to be experiencing a social smile.
Question 2
Stephanie is 7 years old. She is presented with the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises. Stephanie states that Holly's father would be upset because she climbed the tree. But if Holly told him she climbed the tree to rescue a kitten, then he would not be upset. Which of Selman's stages does this type of thinking represent?
a. Level 0
b. Level 1
c. Level 2
d. Level 3
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