Answer to Question 1
Responses will vary depending on the selection of artwork. Broadly, Expressionism arose as artists came to believe that the fundamental purpose of art was to express their intense feelings toward the world. The movement developed in Germany where the expressive idea had its greatest influence. Two Expressionist groups that emerged were Die Brcke and Der Blaue Reiter. The former's intense arbitrary colors and wavering lines link it to Fauvism and Munch; the latter was organized by Vasili Kandinsky, who employed the same bright colors and mystical themes. Die Brcke believed that through their art they would build a bridge to an enlightened future, whereas Der Blaue Reiter sought to eliminate subject matter and employ a nonrepresentational style to communicate a formal language of line, form, and color.
Answer to Question 2
Responses will vary depending on selections. Consider Picasso's Cubism, which abstracted the forms of the visible world into fragments drawn from multiple points of view; Futurism, an Italian movement that expressed motion as the new glory of the 20th century, as evident in Boccioni's sculpture; and Dada, which had the most lasting impact on American art with Marcel Duchamp's ready-mades that probed the border between art and life. The art of the early 20th century reflected the bold advances into uncharted territory, against the resistance of conservative forces.
A reindeer sled, Arkhangelsk, Russia. Late nineteenth-century photochrom.
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