Answer to Question 1
Informal communication networks (also known as the grapevine) exists because of the limitations of formal networks, and the type of information in the grapevine indicates the health of the organization. The grapevine information is 75 to 95 accurate, and should be distinguished from rumors. Grapevine information travels fast, and the use of the grapevine can lead to more job satisfaction and effective managers use the grapevine to learn about employee concerns and problems. Formal communication flows in three directions: Downward, from managers to subordinates; Upward from subordinates to managers, and Horizontal between colleagues of the same rank.
Answer to Question 2
While answers may vary, they may consider the influences of frame of reference, including cultural differences; stimulus and motivation; problems with one or more of the communication codes of language, paralanguage, and nonverbal cues; problems with channels related to channel richness, problems with receiving or giving feedback; problems with the physical or social environment, or the influences of external or internal noise.
Red-eyed vireos, Vireo olivaceus, counted along census routes of the Breeding Bird Survey
Face-to-face communication is the richest channel to relay a message from the sender to a receiver.
Central and peripheral routes to persuasion
Therapeutic Communication Skills
Therapeutic Communication Skills
Summary of Drug Action: Common Routes of Administration