Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?
A) Natural selection cannot account for losses, only for innovations.
B) Natural selection accounts for these losses by the principle of use and disuse.
C) Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.
D) The ancestors of these organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to find new habitats that these species had not previously used.
Some organisms used as models in genetic research
All living organisms descended from a common ancestral cell
The Serial Reaction Time Task
Example of simplified note for one-time client.
Estimated number of new HIV infections per year over time period in Canada
The time spent in each interval of one complete cell cycle of a human cell in culture