Answer to Question 1
Polyhydramnios is a condition in which the volume of amnionic fluid is markedly increased. Two common causes: 1 . Anencephaly, a congenital maldevelopment of the fetal brain, which disturbs the normal swallowing mechanism, so that the fetus is unable to swallow the amnionic fluid. 2 . A congenital obstruction of the fetal upper intestinal tract that blocks the entry of swallowed fluid into the small intestine where it can be absorbed.
Answer to Question 2
Voluntary motor activity is controlled by nerve impulses originating in motor neurons in the cerebral cortex. It is controlled by two separate motor systems. The pyramidal system controls voluntary motor functions, and the extrapyramidal system regulates muscle groups concerned primarily with balance, posture, and coordination.