Answer to Question 1
Both are used to obtain fetal cells for evaluation; the fetal cells are grown in the lab by tissue culture techniques and later used to determine the karyotype of cells. The karyotype wil help determine abnormalities in chromosomal number or structure. Analysis of the fetal DNA will help determine presence of genetic diseases.
Amniocentesis examines amnionic fluid obtained anytime between the 14th to 18th week of pregnancy.
Chorionic villi sampling examines fetal cells obtained without extracting amnionic fluid during the 8th to 10th week of pregnancy; it involves less risk, with results obtained earlier, but is more technically difficult to perform and may lead to spontaneous abortion and limb deformities.
Answer to Question 2
Two important types of chronic enteritis are Crohn's disease and chronic ulcerative colitis. They are often grouped together under the term chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Both diseases tend to be chronic, with periodic flare-ups manifested by cramp-like abdominal pain and diarrhea, followed by periods of inactivity. During activity, affected persons may have systemic manifestations, such as eye or joint inflammation or skin infections. Both of these diseases are autoimmune diseases.
Retrograde pyelogram. A contrast medium is injected into the ureter using a cystoscope, and the X-ra
Phlebotomy. In this common procedure, a syringe needle punctures a vein, usually in the arm, and wit
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