The MMSE has been criticized because: A. Patients who are ...

[pane00]

The MMSE has been criticized because:
 
  A. Patients who are being tested require education
  B. It is not applicable for patients from varied cultures
  C. It cannot differentiate between delirium, dementia, and depression in the older patient
  D. All of the above

Question 2

One of the most common causes for cognitive impairment in older patients suffering from infection is:
 
  A. Delirium
  B. Depression
  C. Dementia
  D. Pseudodementia

[shoemake]

Answer to Question 1

ANS: D
The most commonly used and widely tested instrument (USPSTF 2003) for the next step in the evaluation of cognitive function, which measures more than just short- and long-term memory, is the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Domains measured by the MMSE include orientation to time and place, registration, attention and calculation, recall, naming, repetition, comprehension, reading, writing, and drawing. Testing with the MMSE takes approximately 10 minutes, and it must be administered in a standard manner to obtain valid results. The total possible score is 30 points; however, scores are highly correlated with age and educational level of the individual (Ashla 2000; Harvan & Cotter 2006). Scores on the MMSE will not differentiate between delirium and dementia, although both conditions will cause scores below the cutoff of 24 (Francis, 2000). Comprehensive information on the development, reliability and validity testing, and scoring of the MMSE can be found online (www4.parinc.com). The MMSE is available for purchase only to qualified health-care professionals through Psychological Assessment Resources. A description of the qualifications for purchase can be found at www4.parinc.com.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: A
Delirium is a reversible condition frequently caused by infection (Table 20.4). After treatment of infection, delirium is usually resolved.