The nurse is reviewing modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors ...

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The nurse is reviewing modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors of osteoporosis with a patient. What should the nurse include as modifiable risk factors?
 
  Select all that apply.
  1. calcium deficiency
  2. high-protein diet
  3. female
  4. decrease in estrogen levels
  5. diabetes mellitus

Question 2

A patient with gout is experiencing foot pain. Which intervention will aid in promoting comfort in this patient?
 
  1. Wrap the extremity in an elastic bandage.
  2. Encourage liberal fluid intake.
  3. Encourage active range-of-motion exercises to promote flexibility.
  4. Elevate the extremity and use a foot a cradle.

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Answer to Question 1

Correct Answer: 1, 2, 4
Calcium deficiency is an important modifiable risk factor that contributes to osteoporosis. Calcium and vitamin D supplements and a diet including foods high in calcium and vitamin D will help correct the deficiency. A high-protein diet can cause acidosis, which can contribute to osteoporosis since calcium is withdrawn from the kidney as the kidneys attempt to buffer the excess acid. Acidosis can also directly stimulate osteoclast function. Being female is an unmodifiable risk factor. Decreasing levels of the hormone estrogen are a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis. Diabetes mellitus is not a modifiable risk factor, although it may be controlled.

Answer to Question 2

Correct Answer: 4
The pain in the affected extremity will be lessened with elevation. Elevation will reduce inflammation. A foot cradle will prevent the pressure of linens from irritating the sore foot. Wrapping the extremity and range-of-motion exercises could increase the pain being experienced. Fluid intake is encouraged to reduce the risk of urinary stones, but will not directly reduce the patient's discomfort in the foot.

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