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The training of an anesthesiologist typically requires four years of college, 4 years of medical school, 1 year of internship, and 3 years of residency.
Drug abusers experience the following scenario: The pleasure given by their drug (or drugs) of choice is so strong that it is difficult to eradicate even after years of staying away from the substances involved. Certain triggers may cause a drug abuser to relapse. Research shows that long-term drug abuse results in significant changes in brain function that persist long after an individual stops using drugs. It is most important to realize that the same is true of not just illegal substances but alcohol and tobacco as well.
Thyroid conditions cause a higher risk of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome.
In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function, such as in acute kidney (renal) failure.
Though methadone is often used to treat dependency on other opioids, the drug itself can be abused. Crushing or snorting methadone can achieve the opiate "rush" desired by addicts. Improper use such as these can lead to a dangerous dependency on methadone. This drug now accounts for nearly one-third of opioid-related deaths.
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![First-pass effect: (a) drugs are absorbed; (b) drugs enter hepatic portal circulation and go directl](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_46687_12_12_14_7_07_21_195641052.jpeg)