Answer to Question 1
B
Parents of the child with encopresis often feel guilty and believe that encopresis is willful on the part of the child. The family functions effectively by openly discussing problems and developing a plan to achieve control over incontinence. Stool softeners or laxatives, along with dietary changes, are typically used to treat encopresis. Enemas are indicated when a fecal impaction is present. Having the child launder soiled clothes is a punishment and will increase the child's shame and embarrassment. The child should not be punished for an action that is not willful. Increasing fiber in the diet and fluid intake results in greater bulk in the stool, making it easier to pass.
Answer to Question 2
B
Constipation results from the absence of ganglion cells in the rectum and colon and is present since the neonatal period with passage of frequent foul-smelling, ribbon-like, or pellet-like stools. Currant jelly stools are associated with intussusception. Foul-smelling, fatty stools are associated with cystic fibrosis and celiac disease. Diarrhea is not typically associated with Hirschsprung's disease but may result from impaction.
Measles. A photograph of a child stricken with measles, showing the tell-tale sign of the skin rash.
Change in Drawing Abilities from Early to Middle Childhood Drawings become more realistic as fine m
A child with Down syndrome.
Using child-sized dishes at mealtimes can help caregivers monitor portion sizes
Child Development, 7th Edition
Maimed Child due to Thalidomide