Answer to Question 1
1
1. Correct. The description of the infant suggests fetal alcohol syndrome, consistent with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
2. Incorrect. Fetal brain, kidney, and urogenital system malformations have been associated with maternal cocaine ingestions.
3. Incorrect. Heroin use in pregnancy frequently results in IUGR. The infant may have a shrill cry and sleep cycle disturbances and may present with poor feeding, tachypnea, vomit-ing, diarrhea, hypothermia or hyperthermia, and sweating.
4. Incorrect. Studies have found a higher incidence of meconium staining in infants born of mothers who used marijuana during pregnancy.
Answer to Question 2
1
1. Correct. According to the gate-control theory, pain sensations travel along sensory nerve pathways to the brain, but only a limited number of sensations, or messages, can travel through these nerve pathways at one time. Distraction techniques such as massage or stroking, music, focal points, and imagery reduce or completely block the capacity of nerve pathways to transmit pain. These distractions are thought to work by closing down a hypothetic gate in the spinal cord, thus preventing pain signals from reaching the brain. The perception of pain is thereby dimi-nished.
2, 3, 4. Incorrect. These activities do not reduce or block the capacity of nerve pathways to transmit pain using the gate-control theory.
Infant and neonatal mortality, 1940 - 2003.
The tone of the nurse-patient introduction sets the stage for the patient interview and patient care
Patients should be encouraged to bring to their health care visit all the substances that they take,
Nursing care
How to evaluate the imaginary term i at any exponent i^n
Pregnant and Lactating Women, Children, the Ill, and Older Adults Are at the Highest Risk