An artifact refers to which of the following?
a. An initial measurement of the dependent variable in a before-after design
b. A measure used to determine whether the manipulation has caused a different confounding variable
c. An aspect of the research methodology that may produce confounding
d. An analysis in which the manipulation check is correlated with the dependent measure
Question 2
Which of the following refers to an artifact that occurs when participants' expectations about what effect an experimental manipulation is supposed to have influences the dependent measure independently of the actual effect of the manipulation?
a. Experimental impact
b. Experimental realism
c. Placebo effect
d. Attrition
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