Answer to Question 1
Samuel Messick (1996, 1998), a famous psychometrician, coined the term consequential validity to bring attention to the fact that there are personal and social consequences of test scores. He was particularly concerned about the potential for unfortunate consequences when a test systematically produces biased decisions and social injustices. From a measurement perspective, the source of the trouble is that a test may include irrelevant variance in scores (e.g., socioeconomic status that leads to variation on an intelligence test) or underrepresents the construct.
Answer to Question 2
C
