Answer to Question 1
c
Answer to Question 2
After observing that some marriages are successful and some are not (step 1) you would develop a hypothesis to try to explain the phenomenon (step 2). For example, it is possible that good communication within a marriage leads to success whereas poor communication leads to failure. Based on this hypothesis, you would make a specific research prediction (step 3). For example, if you selected 50 married couples and asked each couple to rate their level of communication and the overall quality of their marriage, you should find a strong relationship between the two variables. Next, you would empirically evaluate the hypothesis by actually selecting 50 couples and observing the two variables (step 4). Based on the outcome of the observations in step 4, you could either reject the hypothesis (if it is not communication it could be some other factor) or you could refine the original hypothesis, for example try to determine what factors lead to good (or bad) communication within a marriage (step 5).
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