Answer to Question 1
The ancient Greek philosophers believed that human societies inevitably arose, flourished, and declined. They saw the past as better than the degraded present. The theologians and philosophers of medieval Europe and the Islamic world believed that human misery was inevitable and that there was little mortals could do to change things. They tended to believe that social conditions were the result of Divine Providence.
Answer to Question 2
Segregation is the ecological and institutional separation of races or ethnic groups. Segregation may be de jure, that is, supported by laws, or it may be de facto, that is, enforced by unwritten norms that have virtually the same effect as the laws--involuntary separation.
The Many Faces of Life (Part 1)
Sheep Brain view
Social Groups
Annotation of a DNA sequence containing part of the human beta-globin gene
Predicted polypeptide sequences translated from potential ORFs in the human TUBA3C gene
The Dermatomes: Posterior View