Answer to Question 1
According to sociologist Walter Reckless, society produces pushes and pulls that move people toward criminal behavior however, some people insulate themselves from such pressures by having positive self-esteem and good group cohesion. Reckless suggests that many people do not resort to deviance because of inner containmentssuch as selfcontrol, a sense of responsibility, and resistance to diversionsand outer containmentssuch as supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others.
Sociologist Travis Hirschi's social control theory is based on the assumption that deviant behavior is minimized when people have strong bonds that bind them to families, schools, peers, churches, and other social institutions. Social bond theory holds that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken.
Labeling theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they, in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.
Answer to Question 2
a
The work of Charles Darwin forms the foundation for modern evolutionary theory.
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