The term high-stakes test refers to a. any teacher-made test ...

[danielfitts88]

The term high-stakes test refers to
 
  a. any teacher-made test that is used to determine students' grades.
  b. a criterion-referenced test that prospective teachers take to receive state certification.
  c. a norm-referenced test that veteran teachers take to become certified by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards.
  d. a standardized achievement test whose scores are used to punish or reward students, teachers, and administrators.

Question 2

Describe and discuss the important distinctions among the following schedules of reinforcement: continuous schedule, fixed interval schedule, variable interval schedule, fixed ratio schedule, and variable ratio schedule.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

[karlss]

Answer to Question 1

D

Answer to Question 2

The authors discuss different schedules of reinforcement on pages 230-231.
a.continuous schedule: Every appropriate response is rewarded, and every inappropriate response is ignored.
b. fixed interval schedule: Appropriate behavior is rewarded on a predictable time-interval basis (for example, every ten minutes or once a day).
c. variable interval schedule: Reinforcement is provided for appropriate behavior at random intervals (for example, after one day, three days, two days, five days).
d. fixed ratio schedule: Reinforcement is provided for appropriate behavior after a specified number of responses (for example, every fifth time a lever is pressed).
e. variable ratio schedule: Reinforcement is provided for appropriate behavior after a different number of responses (for example, after the second, seventh, nineteenth).