A token economy is one in which a. students can change the ...

[Lobcity]

A token economy is one in which
 
  a. students can change the reward system whenever they deem necessary.
  b. a limited number of positive reinforcers are handed out.
  c. the student and teacher both sign an agreement in which the student agrees to exhibit certain behaviors desired by the teacher and the teacher agrees to provide certain reinforcers desired by the student.
  d. the reward system is flexible; tokens can be cashed in for various rewards of predetermined value.

Question 2

Discuss the distinctions between norm-referenced and criterion-referenced grading, focusing on the following points: basic assumptions, type of comparisons being made, and distribution of grades.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

[angrybirds13579]

Answer to Question 1

D

Answer to Question 2

Basic assumptions: Norm-referenced grading is based on the absence of measurable external criteria.
Comparisons: Grades are determined by comparing each student's level of performance with the normal or average level of performance given by other, similar students.
Distribution: You may or may not obtain a normal distribution with this type of grading. The grades are very likely to be spread out along a continuum rather than be bunched together.
Criterion-referenced grading is discussed on pages 503-506.
Basic assumptions: You must be able to determine whether a student has met a clearly defined standard regarding stated criteria.
Comparisons: Each student's performance is compared with a standard. The comparison focuses on determining the amount of the total criteria that the student achieved. The performance of other students is irrelevant to this process.
Distribution: The grade distribution is likely to be highly negatively skewed. More people achieve mastery than fail, if instruction has been effective.