Answer to Question 1
Accommodation is a scheme created or revised to fit new experiences. Teachers can help students modify cognitive structures in order to better understand new experiences.
Equilibration is the attempt to establish a state of relative cognitive balance between assimilation (to have everything in its place) and accommodation (to have a place for everything). Because there is little motivation to learn when one's cognitive world is in balance, teachers need to create moderate amounts of disequilibrium by exposing students to ideas that are inconsistent in some way with how they currently understand the world in order to enhance student motivation.
Egocentrism is the assumption that others see things the same way as oneself. Teachers need to help students understand that other perspectives exist and why; role-playing and collaborative activity can sometimes help accomplish this task.
Industry versus inferiority is Erikson's stage (six to eleven years old) where children should enjoy schoolwork and experience a sense of accomplishment, but may develop feelings of inferiority. Teachers should try to help students find at least one activity in which they really excel.
Identity versus role confusion is Erikson's stage (twelve to eighteen years old) that includes the realization of self and potential rather than a state of aimlessness. Teachers can help students set personal goals and provide recognition for accomplishments.
Answer to Question 2
The research findings to date clearly show that social cognitive theory-based instruction as compared to conventional instruction produces at least moderately strong gain in math, writing, and reading comprehension.
Observational learning in octopuses
Brain scans showing the white-matter pathways involved in everyday learning:
Wild chimpanzees make and use simple tools to obtain food, learning tool making from one another.
Processes Involved in Observational Learning
Sample Advance Directive
Nursing: A Concept-Based Approach to Learning, Volume I