Answer to Question 1
Charismatic leaders are those who are perceived to have heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they exhibit certain behaviors. Charismatic leaders have a vision, are willing to take personal risks to achieve that vision, are sensitive to follower needs, and exhibit unconventional behaviors.
Transactional leaders inspire their followers by paying attention to their concerns, helping them rethink old problems in new ways, and encouraging them to achieve goals as a group. They can have an extraordinary effect on their followers, inspiring them toward selfless goals that benefit the larger organization. As a result, transformational leadership is strongly correlated with lower turnover rates, higher productivity, lower employee stress and burnout, and higher employee satisfaction.
Authentic leaders know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers consider them ethical people. The primary quality produced by authentic leadership, therefore, is trust. Authentic leaders share information, encourage open communication, and stick to their ideals. The result: people come to have faith in them.
Some researchers, such as Robert House, believe that charismatic and transactional leadership are essentially synonymous. A leader who scores high on transformational leadership qualities is likely to score high on charisma as well. Both charismatic and transformational leaders could display the qualities of authentic leadership and engender trust in their followers as well. In fact, scholars have tried to integrate ethical and charismatic leadership by advancing the idea of socialized charismatic leadershipleadershi p that conveys other centered (not self-centered) values by leaders who model ethical conduct. Therefore, it could be possible for a single leader to display all three types of leadership.
Answer to Question 2
B
Explanation: B) A person may recognize a conflict exists and want to withdraw from or suppress it. Examples of avoiding include trying to ignore a conflict and avoiding others with whom you disagree.