Answer to Question 1
B
Explanation: B) According to expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship indicates the degree to which the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome. When pay is based on factors such as having seniority or being cooperative, employees are likely to see the performance-reward relationship as weak and demotivating.
Answer to Question 2
Self-monitoring refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. Individuals high in self-monitoring show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors. They are highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations. High self-monitors are capable of presenting striking contradictions between their public persona and their private self. Low self-monitors tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation; hence, there is high behavioral consistency between who they are and what they do.
Evidence indicates high self-monitors pay closer attention to the behavior of others and are more capable of conforming than are low self-monitors. They also receive better performance ratings, are more likely to emerge as leaders, and show less commitment to their organizations. In addition, high self-monitoring managers tend to be more mobile in their careers, receive more promotions (both internal and cross-organizational), and are more likely to occupy central positions in an organization.
Female choice based on male appearance.
Play in Four Cultures Across cultures, play is the most common activity in early childhood. Source:
Performance of a delayed nonmatching-to-sample trial.
Reference points for posture analysis.
How much the temperature will rise depends on many factors that affect the level of GHG emission
Set-Point Theory