Answer to Question 1
To prevent the occurrence of groupthink the following steps can be taken:
The group leader encourages all group members to be critical of proposed alternatives, to raise any doubts they may have, and to accept criticism of their own ideas.
The group leader refrains from expressing his or her opinion and views until the group has had a chance to consider all alternatives.
The group leader encourages group members to gather information pertaining to a decision from people outside the group and to seek outsiders' perspectives on the group's ideas.
Whenever a group meets, the group leader assigns one or two members to play the role of devil's advocateto criticize, raise objections, and identify potential problems with any decisions the group reaches.
If an important decision is being made and time allows, after a group has made a decision, the group leader holds a second meeting.
Answer to Question 2
D