The post hoc fallacy in research refers to
a. interpreting a relationship between two variables in an ex post facto study as a cause-effect relationship.
b. using statistical tests to locate the significant differences between groups following an analysis of covariance in ex post facto research.
c. failing to control for other independent variables that could influence the results.
d. failing to state alternative hypotheses that could account for an observed relationship.
Question 2
Identify the threats to internal validity illustrated in the examples below. More low achievers than other students drop out of an individualized reading program designed to lead to gains in reading achievement.
a. experimental mortality
b. reactive effect of testing
c. statistical regression
d. maturation
e. instrumentation
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