Answer to Question 1
According to the incrementalist model of organizational decision-making, when selecting a set of new alternative courses of action, managers tend to choose those that are only slightly, or incrementally, different from those used in the past, thus lessening their chances of making a mistake. Often called the science of muddling through, the incrementalist model implies that managers rarely make major decisions that are radically different from decisions they have made before. Instead, they correct or avoid mistakes through a succession of incremental changes, which eventually may lead to a completely new course of action. The incrementalist model is very different from the rational model. According to the rational model, all-knowing decision makers weigh every possible alternative course of action and choose the best solution. According to the incrementalist model, managers, limited by lack of information and lack of foresight, move cautiously one step at a time to limit their chances of being wrong.
Answer to Question 2
a
Model of the Reading Process
Model of cI repressor binding to DNA
Vulnerability – Stress Model
The sliding-filament model
Descartes's model of simple reflexes
The Gene Expression Machine Model for Coupling