Answer to Question 1
C
Answer to Question 2
Work centrality is defined as the degree of general importance that working has in the life of an individual at any given point in time.
Studies on the meaning of work in eight countries were carried out by George England and a group of researchers who are called the Meaning of Work (MOW) International Research Team. Their research sought to determine a person's idea of the relative importance of work compared to that of leisure, community, religion, and family.
The results showed, for example, that the Japanese hold work to be very important in their lives; the Brits, on the other hand, seem to like their leisure time more than those in the other countries surveyed. However, given the complexity of cultural and economic variables involved in people's attitude toward work, the results are difficult to generalize, in particular as concerns the implications of on-the-job work motivation. More relevant to managers (as an aid to understanding culture-based differences in motivation) are the specific reasons for valuing work. What kinds of needs does the working environment satisfy, and how does that psychological contract differ among populations?
The MOW research team provided some excellent insights into this question when it asked people in the eight countries what they value about work and what needs are satisfied by their jobs. Their research results showed the relative order of importance overall as follows:
1. A needed income
2. Interest and satisfaction
3. Contacts with others
4. A way to serve society
5. A means of keeping occupied
6. Status and prestige.
David Baltimore
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