Answer to Question 1
The belief-bias effect occurs when we agree more with syllogisms that affirm our beliefs, whether or not these syllogisms are logically valid. An example of the workings of the associative system may be in the false consensus effect. In this system, people believe that their own behavior and judgments are more common and more appropriate than those of other people. Suppose people have an opinion on an issue. They are likely to believe that because it is their opinion, it is likely to be shared and believed to be correct by others. Associating other views with our views simply because they match our own is a questionable practice, however.
Answer to Question 2
1 . We can recognize logical arguments when they are explained to us.
2 . We can recognize the need to make categorizations based on defining features despite similarities in typical features. For example, we can recognize that a coin with a 3-inch diameter, which looks exactly like a quarter, must be a counterfeit.
3 . We can rule out impossibilities, such as cats conceiving and giving birth to puppies.
4 . We can recognize many improbabilities. For example, it is unlikely that the U.S. Congress will pass a law that provides annual salaries to all full-time college students.
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