Answer to Question 1
According to the first principle, information system elements are embedded within business processes, but some activities in business processes are not part of any information system. Business processes and information systems overlap, but they are different. Second, a business process can use zero, one, or more information systems. According to the third principle, a particular information system may be used by one or more business processes.
Answer to Question 2
The four nonroutine cognitive skills identified as critical for organizations in the current scenario are as follows:
(1 ) Abstract reasoningthe ability to make and manipulate models.
(2 ) Systems thinkingthe ability to model the components of a system, to connect the inputs and outputs among those components into a sensible whole that reflects the structure and dynamics of the phenomenon observed.
(3 ) Collaborationthe activity of two or more people working together to achieve a common goal, result, or work product.
(4 ) Ability to experimentmaking a reasoned analysis of an opportunity, envisioning potential solutions, evaluating those possibilities, and developing the most promising ones, consistent with the resources you have.
Mechanisms that convey positional information during embryonic development.
Bronfenbrenner’s model of the ecological-systems approach to studying development. He suggested that
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