Answer to Question 1
A, C, D
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Grounded theory has its theoretical roots in symbolic interaction, which focuses on the manner in which people make sense of social interactions. This is not an ideological perspective; all of the other answers are. Critical ethnography focuses on raising consciousness in the hope of effecting social change. Feminist research, like critical research, aims at being transformative, but the focus is on how gender domination and discrimination shape women's lives and their consciousness. Participatory action research (PAR) produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups that are vulnerable to control or oppression by a dominant culture; in PAR research, methods take second place to emergent processes that can motivate people and generate community solidarity.
Answer to Question 2
D
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Narrative analysis focuses on story in studies in which the purpose is to determine how individuals make sense of events in their lives. Burke's (1969) pentadic dramatism is one approach for narrative analysis. Historical research is the systematic collection and critical evaluation of data relating to past occurrences. Descriptive qualitative studies are not embedded in a disciplinary tradition. Such studies may be referred to as qualitative studies, naturalistic inquiries, or as qualitative content analyses. Case studies are intensive investigations of a single entity or a small number of entities, such as individuals, groups, families, or communities.