Answer to Question 1
A
Answer to Question 2
D
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The history threat is the occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable that can affect the outcome. The maturation threat arises from processes occurring as a result of time (e.g., growth, fatigue) rather than the independent variable. The selection threat reflects biases stemming from preexisting differences between groups. RCTs have a clear superiority for testing causal hypotheses. Internal validity is the extent to which it can be inferred that the independent variable is truly causing the outcome.
Four hypotheses on how populations might relate to one another along an environmental gradient.
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Research Methods
The number of research articles published on the topic of religious practices and spirituality have ...
Recent research suggests that zinc lozenges and nasal gels may help reduce the severity
Doing Qualitative Research: Designs, Methods, and Techniques