Answer to Question 1
ANS: A
The preferred methods of obtaining samples are different in outcomes studies; random sampling is not considered desirable and is seldom used. Heterogeneous, rather than homogeneous, samples are obtained. Rather than using sampling criteria that restrict subjects included in the study to decrease possible biases and that reduce the variance and increase the possibility of identifying a statistically significant difference, outcomes researchers seek large heterogeneous samples that reflect, as much as possible, all patients who would be receiving care in the real world.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: B
Donabedian (1987) identified the following problem-solving styles: (1) routine approaches to care versus flexibility, (2) parsimony versus redundancy, (3) variations in degree of tolerance of uncertainty, (4) propensity to take risks, and (5) preference for type I errors versus type II errors. In a type I error, the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true; this means that a promising glimmer that may affect outcomes is not noted.
Three ways that factors affect mortality in response to changes in population density.
Two equivalent ways of drawing a phylogeny
USF Biologist Taegan McMahon conducts experiments on chlorothalonil at a research facility in East H
Common traditional surgical incisions
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Operations Research