Author Question: Which of the following factors are necessary to assume there might be a cause-effect relationship ... (Read 67 times)

DelorasTo · **on:** Jul 8, 2018

Which of the following factors are necessary to assume there might be a cause-effect relationship between a particular variable A and a specific illness? (Select all that apply.)

a. It is easy to understand how the variable A could lead to the illness.
b. Research studies consistently demonstrate a relationship between variable A and the illness.
c. The illness is frequently seen without the presence of variable A.
d. The more of variable A present, the sicker the person becomes.
e. Variable A is always found after the person becomes ill.
f.
Variable A is never found in the presence of other illnesses.

Question 2

Which of the following variables are missing from both the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Health Promotion Model (HPM)? (Select all that apply.)

a. Ignoring the impact of being socially and politically disenfranchised
b. Inaccessibility of health services
c. Nurse's responsibility to give power and control to the individual and the community
d. Omitting the influence of social, structural, and physical environmental factors
e. Reality of negative outcomes if appropriate behavioral changes are not made
f.
Recognizing the influence of families on the individual's decisions

pami445 · **Reply #1 on:** Jul 8, 2018

Answer to Question 1

ANS: A, B, D
There are six criteria for assuming possible causation including strength of the association, dose-response relationship, temporally correct relationship, biological plausibility, consistency among studies, and specificity. Only the easy-to-understand, consistent research studies and the increased dose leading to increased illness are consistent with those six criteria.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: A, B, D
The models are very useful in relation to changing individual behaviors, but they do not address the complex relationships among social, structural, and physical factors in the environment, such as lack of social support systems or inaccessible health services. Changes are needed to improve care for socially and politically disenfranchised groups. Knowledge is always within a social context and is always bound to power relationships. A nurse cannot assign power and control to an individual. The individual must take on power, although perhaps with the nurse's guidance.