Answer to Question 1
A series of institutional reforms were passed between 1929 and 1940 to consolidate power in the hands of the party and to reduce the likelihood of individuals gaining power through violence, by creating a system of rotation of political positions that sought to defuse elite conflict by assuring members of the government party that if they remained loyal they would get a chance to participate in governing. The president appointed party members to the bureaucracy and nominated the party's candidates for other government offices, such as governors, senators, and members of the lower house of the legislature. The key to the system was the nore-election clause: re-election to every political office was prohibited, which meant that politicians had every incentive to be loyal to the president, who could be very helpful in getting them a job beyond their term in office. Although the presidents could not run for re-election, they gained the ability to handpick their successor. This practice also engineered loyalty to the president among members of the cabinet and other important politicians who thought they might be chosen to succeed the president.
Answer to Question 2
False
A parade for Grover Cleveland in Chicago in 1892, by John Klir. Music, mirth, real drama—a president
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