Answer to Question 1
Gender as a category is a form of socially constructed political identity that considers variation in the social meaning of masculinity and femininity around the world. On the other hand, gender as a political process refers to the individual involvement in political institutions to either preserve or change gender relations, or ways in which existing social context and political institutions shape one's relative ability to preserve and/or change gender relations.
Answer to Question 2
Traditional gender gap is a situation in a country in which women are more likely to be conservative and vote for conservative political parties than are men. Explanations for women's traditional conservatism emphasize their religiosity and different labor force participation. This trend persists in less- developed economies. Modern gender gap is a situation in a country in which women are more likely to be more liberal and vote for more liberal parties than are men. This is a seen in the wealthy democracies of the world.
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