Which of the following has led to the rise of political action committees (PACs), according to a Harvard University study?
A) The decline in the power of political parties and the changes in federal election laws has forced candidates to turn to interest groups for money.
B) The publicity given to PACs in recent years has encouraged the formation of even more such committees.
C) Changes in the structure of Congress has reduced the power of committee chairs; as a result, power has become fragmented among many subcommittees, each of which is cultivated by various lobbyists.
D) limits on independent expenditures.
E) limits placed on unions and corporations.
Question 2
In which case did the United States Supreme Court rule that a provision of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 that placed limits on independent expenditures made on behalf of candidates without their cooperation was unconstitutional?
A) Marbury v. Madison
B) Buckley v. Valeo
C) McCulloch v. Maryland
D) Plessy v. Ferguson
E) James v. Robertson
A fixed action pattern elicited by a sign stimulus.
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